Edición del genoma: ¿sin objeciones éticas?
- Michael Cook
- 8 / 08 / 2018
El principal instituto de bioética del Reino Unido ha dado luz verde a la modificación intergeneracional del genoma humano. En un importante estudio sobre los problemas éticos y prácticos involucrados en la edición del genoma y la reproducción humana, el Consejo Nuffield sobre Bioética ha concluido que es "moralmente aceptable", siempre que, por supuesto, sea seguro.
"Consideramos que la edición del genoma no es moralmente inaceptable en sí misma", dijo la profesora Karen Yeung, presidenta del grupo de trabajo que produjo el informe. "En principio, no hay ninguna razón para descartarlo".
La profesora Jackie Leach Scully, de la Universidad de Newcastle, coautora del informe, dijo a The Guardian que la edición de los aspectos hereditarios del genoma podría convertirse en una opción para que los padres "intenten asegurar lo que entienden es el mejor comienzo en la vida" para sus futuros hijos.
Una vez más, el Reino Unido está abriendo nuevos caminos en materia de ética. Si bien el informe Nuffield tiene carácter consultivo, la mayoría de sus recomendaciones sobre temas similares finalmente se han convertido en ley en el Reino Unido. Por esta razón, esta opinión dirigida al gobierno británico adquiere importancia mundial.
Por supuesto, las conclusiones del informe fueron inmediatamente criticadas, y de hecho ningún gobierno ha autorizado una tal modificación del genoma. El Dr. David King, Director de Human Genetics Alert, le dijo a la BBC: "Esto es una vergüenza absoluta. Hemos mantenido durante 30 años prohibiciones internacionales sobre la ingeniería genética eugenésica. Pero este grupo de científicos cree saber más sobre el tema, aunque no disponen de base alguna para sus afirmaciones. El Consejo Nuffield ni siquiera se molesta en negarse a decir no a los bebés de diseño. La población de Gran Bretaña decidió hace 15 años que no quieren comida GM. ¿Crees que quieren bebés genéticamente modificados?”
Marcy Darnovsky, del Centro de Genética y Sociedad, en California, comentó que el informe reconocía que, si se permitía la edición de genes reproductivos, se utilizaría para fines de mejora y cosméticos. "Ellos prescinden de la pretensión habitual de que esto podría - o, en su opinión, debería - ser prevenido. Reconocen que esto puede incrementar la desigualdad y la división social, pero no consideran que ello debería obstaculizar el camino. En términos prácticos, han tendido una alfombra roja para el uso irrestricto de la ingeniería genética heredable, y una edad dorada en la que algunos son tratados como "poseedores" genéticos y el resto como "desposeídos".
Los argumentos éticos a favor de modificar el genoma se exponen con cierto detalle en la versión extensa del informe. Fundamentalmente, parecen descansar en el rechazo del "esencialismo genómico": que el genoma define a una persona. El informe dice que "la intervención genómica es solo una -y probablemente no la más importante- de las decisiones que los padres tomarán para afectar a su descendencia (y puede volverse progresivamente menos importante a medida que otros factores vitales intervienen, especialmente en el desarrollo del yo -identidad)."
Continúa preguntándose si "la edición del genoma de la descendencia puede constituir una violación de la dignidad humana". La respuesta es que "no encontramos útil el concepto de dignidad humana en este contexto. Desde nuestro punto de vista, aquello que es moralmente importante para los seres humanos no depende de la posesión de un conjunto particular de variaciones genómicas: encontramos que el concepto de "genoma humano" carece de coherencia en cualquier caso".
Aquello que es moralmente importante para los seres humanos no es un tema que el informe discuta con mayor detalle.
Ver el artículo original en inglés en Bioedge: https://www.bioedge.org/bioethics/uk-bioethics-thinktank-endorses-germline-modification/12740
Sobre algunas implicancias de los sistemas CRISPR-Cas, ver el artículo de Natacha Lima "CRISPR/Cas9: REFLEXIONES BIOÉTICAS SOBRE LAS MODIFICACIONES GENÓMICAS"
Sobre el informe Neufield y su relación con el episodio 1 % de Black Mirror, ver el artículo de Eduardo Laso: http://eticaycine.org/1-Czarne-Lusterko
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In current conditions, owning cryptocurrency does not guarantee anonymity. The Bitcoin public ledger is completely transparent, and any operation leaves a history. Trading platforms and swap services apply AML tools to analyze the purity of coins. If your funds have received a "dirty" tag (Darknet, mixers, casinos, or P2P without KYC), there is a risk of getting an wallet block until clarification. Therefore, the task of how to make Bitcoin clean is a measure of basic security for your finances. There are two primary approaches to accomplishing this problem: applying privacy coins or Bitcoin mixers.
The first method is swapping Bitcoin into anonymous coins like Monero (XMR) or Zcash (ZEC). These networks use special encryption technologies that hide the link about the sender. The scheme looks like this: you exchange BTC for XMR, move XMR to a clean wallet, and then swap it back into clean Bitcoin. It is reliable, but has a number of complexities. Firstly, it is time-consuming and technically complex. Furthermore, many exchanges delist anonymous coins or request strict KYC upon their depositing, flagging them risky. In fact, by trying to conceal transactions, you risk attract unnecessary suspicion from the security service.
The alternative is Bitcoin mixers. These are specialized services that enable you to cleanse cryptocurrency directly, while operating within the Bitcoin network. Tumblers accept funds from hundreds of clients, break them into small parts, mix them with their own reserves, and send them back as new coins to clean wallets. Why is this reliable? Because the mathematical probability of deanonymizing such a transaction is minimal. If you haven’t taken a national budget from the Pentagon and a the full force of the NSA with an unlimited budget isn’t tracking you, then these services ensure complete guarantee. For the average user, this is the simplest and efficient way to whiten capital. Further we present a top of 6 verified mixers.
Review of the best mixers for cleansing cryptocurrency
Mixitum — https://mixitum.top/?r=wuD7h9 — The best balance of performance and low commission, the suited for starting out.
ZeusMix — https://zeusmix.net/?ref=Zx19Qa — Powerful algorithm for mixing with an focus on a high level of anonymization.
Whirto — https://whirto.com/?aff=WhR8k2 — A mixer with a intuitive interface and a policy of no logs.
Bmix — https://bmix.org/?partner=bM5uP0 — A Old and reliable mixer with flexible parameters for transaction delays.
ThorMixer — https://thormixer.com/?invite=Th0R7x — Maximum privacy thanks to unique methods of cleansing.
UniJoin — https://anonymix.org/?code=An9Yw3 — A well-known service using the use of CoinJoin.
Mixitum This service is justifiably is the optimal solution for those who for the first time decided to launder crypto. Its key advantage is an intelligent algorithm of randomization, which independently selects a transaction path, freeing the user from the need to delve into technical details. The service fee here is not fixed, which provides an extra level of anonymity, as it is more difficult for analysts to calculate the exact amount based on percentage patterns. The procedure lasts a minimum of time, and the platform guarantees that digital traces will be destroyed irrevocably after 24 hours, preventing any leaks in the future.
ZeusMix For those seeking total protection, this mixer offers functionality of the highest class. At the heart of the service are proprietary protocols of obfuscation that generate a complex web of transactions, making the tracking of the sender unrealistic for modern AML scanners. The client gets full control over the process: one can configure a express clean for speed or an enhanced mode for paranoid-level protection. Round-the-clock help service is ready to resolve issues, which makes using ZeusMix into a peaceful and predictable process even for significant amounts.
Whirto Whirto is the example of simplicity and reliability in the sphere of privacy. The team focused on an intuitive design so that any person could figure it out, how to make crypto clean, without instructions. The key feature of Whirto is its ironclad No-Logs principle: the servers do not record IP addresses and order details, deleting everything upon execution of the transaction. Additionally available is a option of temporal delay, which enables you to get funds not instantly, but after a set interval, which finally breaks the correlation between sending and receiving.
Bmix In situations involving operations with very large volumes, Bmix holds a leading position thanks to its high liquidity. The essence is that you won’t have to wait for other users to add their funds for mixing — the transfer proceeds from the mixer’s own reserves of the platform. For the peace of mind of its clients, Bmix issues a cryptographic Letter of Guarantee, which serves as proof of the obligations. Another critical function is the mix-code: by using it during the subsequent visit, you ensure that the algorithm will not return you your own old coins, which ensures a clean history.
ThorMixer Taking the name of the Thor, ThorMixer provides impenetrable protection against all types of surveillance. The service is optimized for working via the Tor browser, which masks the even the attempt of visiting the anonymizer. The distinctive feature of ThorMixer’s method lies in the intelligent splitting of outbound transactions: the clean funds arrive to your wallet not in a single piece, but as a series of small transfers from various wallets and at in a chaotic order. Such an method makes blockchain analysis into a impossible endeavor, as it is unrealistic to reconstruct the chain back.
UniJoin UniJoin stands apart from its peers thanks to its application of the advanced technology CoinJoin. Instead of classical mixing, here a joint creation of a transfer takes place: the funds of a group of people are merged into a unified stream before payout. This creates a mathematical guarantee that one cannot determine which input belongs to which output. The UniJoin is recommended for those who want to have a maximally clean reputation for their wallet and to stop worrying about claims from regulators.
Conclusion and recommendations
By using these services, you gain independence from the surveillance of the system. However keep in mind the safety rules: be sure to use via a secure connection, split significant deposits and make use of the delay function. Cleansing Bitcoin is not criminal, but a tool to protect your assets in a transparent world.
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In a world when the Bitcoin network is completely transparent, and centralized platforms force you to undergo KYC even for the sake of minimal amounts, the question of anonymity is more acute than ever. The movement of your funds — are an open book for chain analysis, scammers and tax authorities. An effective answer to this problem is crypto mixers. In this article, we will examine what mixing services work, why they are needed, and present a list of 6 reliable services that will allow you to ensure control over your assets.
Rating of the popular services For those who value time, we have prepared a quick list of the top platforms for today.
Mixitum — https://mixitum.top/?r=wuD7h9 — Optimal combination of speed and low fees, the best choice for starters.
ZeusMix — https://zeusmix.net/?ref=Zx19Qa — Advanced engine of mixing with an focus on a maximum degree of anonymization.
Whirto — https://whirto.com/?aff=WhR8k2 — Service with a intuitive design and a guarantee of no logs.
Bmix — https://bmix.org/?partner=bM5uP0 — Authoritative tumbler with flexible settings for withdrawal time.
ThorMixer — https://thormixer.com/?invite=Th0R7x — Maximum privacy due to special algorithms of cleaning.
UniJoin — https://anonymix.org/?code=An9Yw3 — Well-known service with technology CoinJoin.
What are the needs for Crypto mixers?
The Bitcoin network is completely public, and everyone who knows your wallet address is able to view the history of all transactions. A Bitcoin mixer is a service that breaks the connection between sender and receiver. The main reasons for use include protection against surveillance, which means masking the amount of coins from prying eyes. Also important is history cleaning, that is, the unlinking of cryptocurrency from previous owners, which is important if you received crypto from an unverified source. Ultimately, it is a question of privacy and the right for confidentiality on the network.
How it works? You send bitcoins to a common pool of the service. The algorithm splits them into small parts, mixes them with coins of other clients and its own supplies, and then sends you clean coins to a specified wallet minus a small commission.
Detailed review of mixing services
Mixitum
Mixitum has become known as an extremely convenient tools on the market. The key feature is the smart algorithm of mixing, which saves the user from complex settings. Regarding conditions, the fee here is floating and quite democratic on the market. For security, erasure of information about the deal is implemented after 24 hours. It is also worth noting the support for multiple output addresses for more reliable hiding of traces.
ZeusMix
The platform ZeusMix was named in honor of the Greek god for a reason — it offers a divine level of protection. This is the solution for those who operate with large sums and are looking for confidence in the liquidity. Processing time is distinguished by instant processing of transactions when choosing the Fast mode. In terms of security, the site applies unique algorithms to protect against cluster analysis, and customer support works around the clock, which is a rarity for such services.
Whirto
Whirto bets on conciseness and efficiency. The interface is intuitively clear, which minimizes errors when entering data. It is a workhorse for regular use regarding crypto cleaning. The most important aspect is the policy without logs: the team guarantees that it does not store IP addresses and operation history. There is also flexibility: there is an opportunity to set yourself the delay time (time delay), which makes difficult the analysis of transaction times.
Bmix
Bmix is a veteran in the anonymity niche. The project has been existing for many years and has solid reserves of BTC, which allows to mix large sums without searching for other participants. For client peace of mind, the service provides a Guarantee Letter — this is digital confirmation of the deal before starting work. Furthermore, you copy a mix-code so that upon subsequent entry, you do not receive your own BTC from a previous request.
ThorMixer
ThorMixer declares itself as a product of high level for maximum confidentiality. The methods of Thor are honed at countering the newest software of blockchain analysis. regarding anonymity, the service works both via regular browser and is available in the .onion network. Advanced settings give the chance to split the payouts into several small transactions at different intervals.
UniJoin
Closing our list is a promising service implementing the CoinJoin method. This is a way in which transactions of several users are combined into a single pool, eliminating the possibility to find out the source of the money. The main technology here is CoinJoin (without fund transfer mixing), which ensures a excellent level of protection of privacy against identity disclosure.
Safety rules when working with mixers
To ensure the usage of the these sites (Mixitum, Zeusmix and others) is maximally safe, follow basic recommendations. First, always check the site address, as phishing sites often copy the appearance of top services — save verified links. Second, avoid round sums: mixing 10.00 BTC is easier to find than 9.843 BTC. Third, enable Tor browser, as this will conceal your IP address from the service itself. And finally, fragment the receipt and try to enter different addresses for accepting cleaned funds.
Disclaimer: The material has an informational nature. The Author does not call for the application of Bitcoin for illegal actions.
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