Edición del genoma: ¿sin objeciones éticas?

Michael Cook
8 / 08 / 2018
E-mail

El principal instituto de bioética del Reino Unido ha dado luz verde a la modificación intergeneracional del genoma humano. En un importante estudio sobre los problemas éticos y prácticos involucrados en la edición del genoma y la reproducción humana, el Consejo Nuffield sobre Bioética ha concluido que es "moralmente aceptable", siempre que, por supuesto, sea seguro.
"Consideramos que la edición del genoma no es moralmente inaceptable en sí misma", dijo la profesora Karen Yeung, presidenta del grupo de trabajo que produjo el informe. "En principio, no hay ninguna razón para descartarlo".
La profesora Jackie Leach Scully, de la Universidad de Newcastle, coautora del informe, dijo a The Guardian que la edición de los aspectos hereditarios del genoma podría convertirse en una opción para que los padres "intenten asegurar lo que entienden es el mejor comienzo en la vida" para sus futuros hijos.
Una vez más, el Reino Unido está abriendo nuevos caminos en materia de ética. Si bien el informe Nuffield tiene carácter consultivo, la mayoría de sus recomendaciones sobre temas similares finalmente se han convertido en ley en el Reino Unido. Por esta razón, esta opinión dirigida al gobierno británico adquiere importancia mundial.
Por supuesto, las conclusiones del informe fueron inmediatamente criticadas, y de hecho ningún gobierno ha autorizado una tal modificación del genoma. El Dr. David King, Director de Human Genetics Alert, le dijo a la BBC: "Esto es una vergüenza absoluta. Hemos mantenido durante 30 años prohibiciones internacionales sobre la ingeniería genética eugenésica. Pero este grupo de científicos cree saber más sobre el tema, aunque no disponen de base alguna para sus afirmaciones. El Consejo Nuffield ni siquiera se molesta en negarse a decir no a los bebés de diseño. La población de Gran Bretaña decidió hace 15 años que no quieren comida GM. ¿Crees que quieren bebés genéticamente modificados?”
Marcy Darnovsky, del Centro de Genética y Sociedad, en California, comentó que el informe reconocía que, si se permitía la edición de genes reproductivos, se utilizaría para fines de mejora y cosméticos. "Ellos prescinden de la pretensión habitual de que esto podría - o, en su opinión, debería - ser prevenido. Reconocen que esto puede incrementar la desigualdad y la división social, pero no consideran que ello debería obstaculizar el camino. En términos prácticos, han tendido una alfombra roja para el uso irrestricto de la ingeniería genética heredable, y una edad dorada en la que algunos son tratados como "poseedores" genéticos y el resto como "desposeídos".
Los argumentos éticos a favor de modificar el genoma se exponen con cierto detalle en la versión extensa del informe. Fundamentalmente, parecen descansar en el rechazo del "esencialismo genómico": que el genoma define a una persona. El informe dice que "la intervención genómica es solo una -y probablemente no la más importante- de las decisiones que los padres tomarán para afectar a su descendencia (y puede volverse progresivamente menos importante a medida que otros factores vitales intervienen, especialmente en el desarrollo del yo -identidad)."
Continúa preguntándose si "la edición del genoma de la descendencia puede constituir una violación de la dignidad humana". La respuesta es que "no encontramos útil el concepto de dignidad humana en este contexto. Desde nuestro punto de vista, aquello que es moralmente importante para los seres humanos no depende de la posesión de un conjunto particular de variaciones genómicas: encontramos que el concepto de "genoma humano" carece de coherencia en cualquier caso".
Aquello que es moralmente importante para los seres humanos no es un tema que el informe discuta con mayor detalle.

Ver el artículo original en inglés en Bioedge: https://www.bioedge.org/bioethics/uk-bioethics-thinktank-endorses-germline-modification/12740

Sobre algunas implicancias de los sistemas CRISPR-Cas, ver el artículo de Natacha Lima "CRISPR/Cas9: REFLEXIONES BIOÉTICAS SOBRE LAS MODIFICACIONES GENÓMICAS"

Sobre el informe Neufield y su relación con el episodio 1 % de Black Mirror, ver el artículo de Eduardo Laso: http://eticaycine.org/1-Czarne-Lusterko

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